BLASPHEMY VIGILANTISM IN PAKISTAN: LEGAL PLURALISM, GOVERNANCE FAILURE, AND THE BREAKDOWN OF FORMAL JUSTICE

Abstract

This paper explores the recurring phenomenon of vigilantism related to blasphemy in Pakistan, a contradictory trend in light of the country's codified legislation and formal institutions. Blasphemy laws were first established under British colonial occupation in the form of preventive legislation but have evolved in the contemporary era to become a system of ideological enforcement, characterized by mob attacks, extra-judicial executions, and general impunity. The research uses a mixed-methods approach combining quantitative data from 319 survey respondents with qualitative observations from expert interviews and thematic analysis of case studies like those of Asia Bibi, Mashal Khan, and Dr. Shahnawaz Kumbhar. The research shows that ambiguous legal terminologies under Section 295-C, ideological radicalization by clerical actors, and institutional weaknesses converge to power vigilantism. Based on the theories of legal pluralism and the failure of governance, the paper explores how the coexistence of state law with informal religious norms contributes to the erosion of procedural justice. The research presents evidence-based recommendations toward bridging Islamic jurisprudence with international human rights standards and the redress of public trust in formal institutions.